The Code Of Ethics For Hiring Practices Or Procedures...

1) This company will not discriminate in hiring practices or procedures based on race, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, age, gender, political affiliation, or country of origin. As long as the applicant is of legal age to work in the country where the job assignment is to be located and that person is abiding by all citizenship laws applicable in that county, then no person should be denied gainful employment based on the categories mentioned in the Code of Ethics posting above. 2) This company will not discriminate in hiring practices or procedures based on physical deformity, physical limitation, or mental/ physical defect, unless the position is such that the posted position requires levels of mental and/or physical fitness that cannot be adaptable with modalities to enhance those applicants to fit the posted health and fitness requirements specific to the job. There are many jobs at this company requiring the highest levels of mental, physical, and psychological fitness. If the applicant can perform the job as posted, then the candidate will be considered as a viable candidate, unless and until the process determines legitimate disqualifying characteristics exist. The job postings will provide all qualifiers that all applicants must meet. 3) Positions at World Global will be posted on the World Global International Airlines Official Human Resources Website. All inquiries and interactions will be made to and from this site. These Positions can and will beShow MoreRelatedEmployee Handbook For Company X Services2236 Words   |  9 PagesCOMPANY X EMPLOYEE HANDBOOK Greetings and thank you for obtaining the employee handbook for Company X services. Within this handbook, employees will access important material regarding policies and procedures that are vital as one continues the path of career development within our organization. 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Table – Global Business Risks 2014 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Fairness Perceptions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................... Brand Image in Hiring †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................... External Candidate Assessment amp; Selection Process †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Concepts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................... Pilot

A Brief History of Turkish Cinema Free Essays

The Turkish cinema traced its beginnings from a private show in Paris on December 22, 1895 at the Grand Cafà © by French brothers, Louis and Auguste Lumiere.   Similar such shows came to Turkey at the Sultan’s Court, Yildz Palace and other public ones like that of Sigmund Weinberg at the Sponeck’s Beerhouse in Galatasaray’s Square. In 1914, â€Å"The Destruction of the Russian Monument at Avastefonas† is acknowledged to be the first ever Turkish film. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History of Turkish Cinema or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This was a 150 meter long documentary by Fuat Uzkinav, an army officer. The film â€Å"The Marriage of Master Himmet† was began in 1914 but took long to finish because the actors served in the war of the Dardanelles.   It was finally completed in 1918, when Uzkinav took over from Weinberg, who first worked on the project.   Several other films, mostly on World War I were shot.   In 1922 the first film company was formed.   Muhsin Ertugrul, a theater artist switched to film direction. He made a total of 30 films in the entire stretch of his cinematic career.   His important works included the 1923 â€Å"Shirt of Fire† which was about the war for independence, starred by the first female artist, the 1931 â€Å"The Streets in Istanbul, the first film to use a soundtrack, and â€Å"A Nation Awakes† in 1932. The influence of theater can be seen in his films.   Muhsin became a very important figure of the cinema industry.   In the 1950s cinema took its own form.   Lutfu Akad led the pack of new directors.   The theme of   most films of the era was societal problems.   In the 1960s the advent of television had disadvantageous effects on cinema.   Cinematic films during the period dealt with the social and economic themes.  Ã‚   In the 1980s the state supported the cinema industry.    Turkish films earned international recognition.   These films were on social and psychological subjects as well as women’s rights.   The films in the 1990s were fewer but they were of superior quality than before due to advances in technology, training available, international awards and state support.   Theaters and big cinemas emerge, visual aspects were given focus, and outdoor theaters grew. For a while television and videos took the attention away from cinemas, but foreign films from Europe and the US substituted for the lack of local films.   The current status of Turkish cinema strikes a balance with the state’s support of the European Cinema Union and Turkish partnerships with foreign ventures. There is also a noted growth in the number of movie theaters as well as in the positive developments and changes in theater as well. Bibliography Turkish Cinema History.   (2005).   Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism [Internet] Available from http://www.kutur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGostner.aspx [Accessed 17 November 2008]    How to cite A Brief History of Turkish Cinema, Papers

Quality Management for Administration- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theQuality Management for Employment Administration. Answer: Introduction: Globalization has a complete collision in the place of work. It has a tendency to build more varied working surroundings for the staff and the association. This has positive as well as negative collision on the staffs productivity. Small business and large business organizations have to accept new guidelines and policies to continue with the varying international atmosphere. Globalization has become additional customary in international organizations. These businesses have to contract with the rising cultural assortment. These modifications make a huge force over the proprietor to accept new policies and guidelines (Luthans and Doh, 2009). The executives have to contract with the increasing diversity at workplace. There is a great difference in religions and work ethics across world. This has improved the intellectual diversity and also shaped multiple remunerations for international businesses. These transforms offer a new approaching into the differences of culture through the mang ers point of view (Czinkota et al 2009). With this transforming era businesses have now a immediate entrance to the international human resources. Outsourcing has distorted the general procedure of employment administration. The world has approved the transformation which has been occurred in the international platform. This directly impacts on the big countries as additional businesses are accepting the outsourcing developments (Daniels, et al 2009). This is making a larger profit margin to the businesses. Diversity of culture at place of work has made a need of more training to employees. The executive has to offer new training and development programs for new as well as old workers. This has shaped great cultural differences among the countries, people and nations. Some staff members have a preference of lesser cultural interface at offices. Effects of Globalization and Total Quality Management Companies which are diversifying their market out of the nation have to understand the countrys culture and must work accordingly to be in that market and nation and grab their market. This would assist in making a direct and huge impact on the businesses, employees and customers (Hill, Cronk, and Wickramasekera, 2013). This has also assisted the employees in making some safe condition. There is an increment in apprehension over the employees safety in bigger companies. Total quality management and the company assist in making sure the direct collisions on the company. Globalization is particularly challenging for an organization and its culture. Total quality management (TQM) makes sure that consumers needs are certain. If an organization has applied TQM tools than it would surely achieves sensation in a long term. Overall excellence could only be made sure if entire tools have been positioned competently. Globalization has shaped an imposing situation and principles for the countries by considering the information technology. The negative collision of the globalization has exaggerated the surroundings. Globalization causing water climate changes, deforestation, and pollution indirectly. Organizations are making a decision to develop their functions and operations. Nations with a less labor price also lean to protect the environment. Organizations are implementing their production unit in different countries where the resources are available in fewer prices (Fuchs, 2007). The business units and productions units are set up by the organizations in colonies which are affecting the environment as well as the health of the individuals. Globalization has both positive and negative impact. It has been seen largely that creating wide scope for current growth and future growth has been created by globalization in an organization (Alexander and Doherty, 2009). It has been largely impacted on the procedure of operations and business functioning. Now days business organization understands the huge scope of actions. It is distressing organization as well as the productivity of organization. Huge sized international organizations are endorsing inter-cultural relationship between the countries, individuals and workers. This overall process is serving in mounting efficient chances for the home country. Globalization has helped entirely in enhancing the opportunities for the diverse organizations. It is obvious from the existing market circumstances that corporation whether big or small is preparing to attain a enormous size. This could only be accomplished through multiple practices. Huge sized organizations are affecting different countries to conquer maximum profit. Meanwhile quality management has become a significant part which needed to be taken care for deriving effective results (Cavusgil, et al 2014). It is the main concern of the businesses and organizations all through the world. TQM is essential for organization to obtain effectual outcome in order to administer the association between workers. Globalization must be constructive sufficient for the reason of achieving the long term output. Hence this is essential in the concern of an organization to uphold process and values to gain growth (Wiersema and Bowen, 2008). The position of each person contributes in the work is essential to be moderated before creating further progression. It is essential to appreciate the function of human being in obtaining outcomes on the basis of long term (Wild, Wild and Han, 2014). Role of Customers Globalization is associated to amalgamating economies to get preferred outcome. Globalization has boosted the consumer awareness level. Clients now days are attentive about the brand and trade name which is used by them. Now days customers are analyzing the local brand with multinational brand and switching to a most quality concerned organization. Due to it many issues are faced by the domestic organizations and small organizations. Now brand value, image and their services are the main elements which are concerned by the customers while buying the products. If customers found some issues in one brand, in no time they switches to another brand (Johnson and Turner, 2010). Role of Employees The workers need to differentiate their part in an active way. Employees have to generate an active role because of high level market. The association is currently looking for skilled, imaginative and advanced workforces to develop high productivity in the organization. The workers need to ascertain the thrilling potentials (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2013). There is a requirement to transformation the role of manager to manage the product and service quality. The HR executive requests to confirm high quality at workplace. It is apparent for the association to offer high information and assistances to develop high enactment. Management enjoys evidence and events which needed superior consideration in order to accomplish long term defensible outcomes. Role of Organizational Culture A business is a set of many ideas and innovation. It happens in a capricious situation. This straightly touches the efficiency of an employees. The globalization role could be realized in the performance and organizational culture. This is because of technology advancement and international environment. Globalization pretenses a important impact on the performance of a person. The culture of an organization need to be transformed according to companys requirement and customers need. The overall procedure involves design of recipient happenings to progress work quality. The main goal of globalization is to manage high level efficacy. It can be possible only if association accept the host companies culture in no time. The expansion of new opportunities as well as choices would be successful for the administrative development and culture. The growing recognition of globalization has assisted in creating the effective policies for all the concerned parties. Though it is a affinity to mak e self-sufficiency among the corporation in host country. Many functions has been carried with assistance of organizational culture in different nation (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley, 2015). Role of Business Partners Business partners role is very important for a business to prefer an international partner to preserve high level of efficiency. To manage an ample control in the international market partners which plays a foremost part in sustaining high output. A considered corporation is imperative for a group to achieve supreme outcomes. Relationship shows an imperative role in handling operative outcomes. In this method the superiority and quality could be guaranteed in overseas marketplace. Development is only conceivable if the association has been completed in an operative style. Efficiency is only conceivable if a corporation focus on conglomerate (Johnson and Turner, 2010). Conclusion To complete, it is obvious to allusion the part of globalization in current scenario. The worldwide business could only attain important evolution if the correct procedure is accomplished. Globalization has developed as more widespread in worldwide administrations. These corporations have to transaction with the accumulative social assortment. The complete purpose of globalization is to accomplish high effectiveness. Establishments these days are making their focus on originating high efficiency. Every person related to the administrations are the foremost performers. The character of globalization is increasing in the recent occupational situation. In such a state it is suggested to accept actual rule and events for multiple development of the association. References Alexander, N. and Doherty, A.M., 2009.International retailing. Oxford University Press. Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P., 2013.The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Czinkota, M.R., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M.H., Marinova, S. and Marinov, M., 2009.International business. Wiley. Daniels, J.D., Radebaugh, L.H., Sullivan, D.P. and Salwan, P., 2009.International business. Pearson Education India. Fuchs, D.A., 2007.Business power in global governance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Johnson, D. and Turner, C., 2010.International Business: Themes and issues in the modern global economy. Routledge. Luthans, F. and Doh, J.P., 2009.International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Wiersema, M.F. and Bowen, H.P., 2008. Corporate diversification: The impact of foreign competition, industry globalization, and product diversification.Strategic Management Journal,29(2), pp.115-132. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Management and Competence free essay sample

The competence or skill expected of a professional. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Competence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficienthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficienthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiencthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismy is professionalismcy is professionalismcy is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism the key to quality and efficiency is professionalismthe competence or skill expected of a professional. the key to quality and efficiency is professionalism

Compression Techniques essays

Compression Techniques essays This research describes an image representation technique that entails progressive refinement of user specified regions of interest (ROI) of large images. Progressive refinement of original quality can be accomplished in theory. However, due to heavy burden on storage resources for our applications, we restrict the refinement to about 25% of the original data resolution. Wavelet decomposition with Vector Quantization (VQ) of the high frequency components and JPEG/DCT compression of low frequency component is used as representation framework. Our software will reconstruct the region selected by the user from its wavelet decomposition at desired resolution. Further refinement from the first preview can be obtained progressively by transmitting high frequency coefficients from low resolution to high resolution, which are compressed by variant of Vector Quantization called Model Based Vector Quantization. The user will have an option of progressive build up of the ROIs until full resolution stored or terminate the transmission at any time during the progressive refinement. The entire architecture of the program is based on object oriented programming using C++. A multiresolution decomposition into wavelet coefficients provides the most useful image representation or image browsing. Image decomposition is done recursively into wavelet coefficients using the technique [2] shown in Figure 1. The given image is decomposed into low and high frequency bands along the rows and columns. The high frequency subbands are first scalar quantized and the low frequency band, LL subband of the highest-level decomposition is compressed using JPEG/DCT technique. The scalar quantization is heavier for higher resolutions and reduced successively for low resolution high frequency components. The coefficients are then further compressed by a variant of Vector ...

Boston Consulting Group Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay

Boston Consulting Group Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay BCG is a four celled matrix developed by BCG, USA. It is the most renowned corporate portfolio analysis tool. It provides a graphic representation for an organization to examine different businesses in it’s portfolio on the basis of their related market share and industry growth rates. It is a two dimensional analysis on management of SBU’s (Strategic Business Units). In other words, it is a comparative analysis of business potential and the evaluation of environment. According to this matrix, business could be classified as high or low according to their industry growth rate and relative market share. Relative Market Share = SBU Sales this year leading competitors sales this year. Market Growth Rate = Industry sales this year – Industry Sales last year. The analysis requires that both measures be calculated for each SBU. The dimension of business strength, relative market share, will measure comparative advantage indicated by market dominance. The key theory un derlying this is existence of an experience curve and that market share is achieved due to overall cost leadership. BCG matrix has four cells, with the horizontal axis representing relative market share and the vertical axis denoting market growth rate. The mid-point of relative market share is set at 1.0. if all the SBU’s are in same industry, the average growth rate of the industry is used. While, if all the SBU’s are located in different industries, then the mid-point is set at the growth rate for the economy. Resources are allocated to the business units according to their situation on the grid. The four cells of this matrix have been called as stars, cash cows, question marks and dogs. Each of these cells represents a particular type of business. BCG Matrix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 x  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 x  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.1 x Figure: BCG Matrix Stars- Stars represent business units having large market share in a fast growing industry. They may generate cash but because of fast growing market, stars require huge investments to maintain their lead. Net cash flow is usually modest. SBU’s located in this cell are attractive as they are located in a robust industry and these business units are highly competitive in the industry. If successful, a star will become a cash cow when the industry matures. Cash Cows- Cash Cows represents business units having a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. Cash cows require little investment and generate cash that can be utilized for investment in other business units. These SBU’s are the corporation’s key source of cash, and are specifically the core business. They are the base of an organization. These businesses usually follow stability strategies. When cash cows loose their appeal and move towards deterioration, then a retrenchment policy may be pursued. Question Marks- Question marks represent business units having low relative market share and located in a high growth industry. They require huge amount of cash to maintain or gain market share. They require attention to determine if the venture can be viable. Question marks are generally new goods and services which have a good commercial prospective. There is no specific strategy which can be adopted. If the firm thinks it has dominant market share, then it can adopt expansion strategy, else retrenchment strategy can be adopted. Most businesses start as question marks as the company tries to enter a high growth market in which there is already a market-share. If ignored, then question marks may become dogs, while if huge investment is made, then they have potential of becoming stars.

South Africa and the end of Apartheid (CASE) Module3 Essay

South Africa and the end of Apartheid (CASE) Module3 - Essay Example In this case, the whites, who had financial influence retorted to discrimination in that, some neighborhoods were out of bound to blacks. This meant that the nation was separated into two, black and poor versus white and rich. In this case, the nation could not function as a democracy as the whites, how took all the power did not allow African leaders to claim any form of leadership position. Additionally, the country’s economic situation was deteriorating for the blacks as all important resources were acquired by the whites who had invested in manufacturing companies. With reflection to the resources that have been reviewed and taught for this module, it is seen that South Africa compares with other nations such as German and Korea. However, while there is East and West Germany as well as North and South Korea, South Africa is similar to these nations as it has suffered period of political and social divide (History of Apartheid in South Africa, 2011). On the other hand, the situation in South Africa is different from the situations portrayed in Germany and Korea. While Germany and Korea have distinct boundaries that separate different political regimes, communist and democratic, South Africa is a solid nation which suffered from racial discrimination. With reference to British influence on the country, various executions of black people were a common trend within the nation. However, while Korean Peninsula, under contest between North and South Korea remains subject to conflict, South Africa has entered a democratic system of governance that has unified the conflicting sides (Knight, 2006). The German unification applied the concept of two-nations-one people while the Korean applies the one-nation-two-regimes. In this case, Germany has been able to sideline her political and physical differences for the sake of national and regional development. On the other hand, Korea unification has separated North and South Korea

How do old design techniques differs from the new technological ones Essay

How do old design techniques differs from the new technological ones - Essay Example Are these new methods better in quality as compared to the preceding old methods? This paper will aim at trying to answer the question concerning the quality of the old methods in design as compared to the current design methods, which have a computer-precise technological aspect. Although new technology such as CAD can deliver highly precise designs and measurements, older design methods and practices which could not depend on computer technology had some meaningful value worth preserving. One of the earliest design practices in general is a period of apprenticeship. This form of on-the-job training can be referred to as a system steeped in antiquity. For instance, the practice is mentioned in Hammurabi’s code of ancient Babylon written around 4,000 years ago: ‘A craftsman often adopted a son to learn the craft. He profited by the sons labour. If he failed to teach his son the craft, that son could prosecute him and get the contract annulled. This was a form of apprenticeship, and it is not clear that the apprentice had any filial relation’ (Horne, 1915) at this time in history. The greatest asset for a designer was the technical knowledge the apprentice could learn from his master. This method can be said of great quality as compared to the new technological design methods because the knowledge obtained in such methods of design were practical and provided contextual knowledge which is hard to get in a classroom. Compared to the ancient methods of apprenticeship instruction for great works such as the pyramids or ancient temples, design instruction practices moved away from this tradition and became largely theoretical, employing the practical element very limitedly. For instance, during the medieval period of the fifth to the fifteenth centuries AD, great cathedrals were designed throughout Western Europe by inexact measurements, probably the correlation between sets of dividers, one small, the other large. At this point in

Chinese Labor and Employment Law Essay Example for Free

Chinese Labor and Employment Law Essay In November 2001, China became a fully admitted member of the World Trade Organization and in n in international trade. China has not only become a major export power, but also an attractive investment target for world trade and investment continues to increase, its labor environment will likely attract more ? 2 1980. At least 130 million of these are migrant workers who move from relatively poor rural areas to urban and industrial centers to work. Many of these migrant workers remit portions of their earnings back to family members in their hometown. Until recently, China has typically had an oversupply of unskilled labor and a shortage of skilled and professional workers. However, in the past several years, some companies in the major industrial hubs have begun to complain about labor shortages. As a result, many companies now raise wages 10 percent or more annually to retain workers, while others have closed their doors and moved to poorer inland areas or countries with cheaper labor. Interestingly, salaries for new university graduates have stagnated university system. While university graduates start their careers with wages comparable to a factory worker, their salaries typically rise much more quickly than those factory workers. How have 35 years. Prior to the early 1980s, nearly all jobs were allocated to citizens through an administrative bureau. Employees could not choose their employer or terminate their employment. Further, regulations set an expectation that the employee would work for the same employer for her or his whole working life. Companies in this era could only terminate employees for gross misconduct. This type of labor market and social safety net was called the Iron Rice Bowl because the employer guaranteed job security and benefits to employees In other words, the benefits could not be taken away 3 In 1983, the government introduced a contract system that attempted to address the low productivity of the labor market by replacing the Iron Rice Bowl with short-term labor contracts. At first, state-owned companies resisted this trend and the government succeeded only in minimal reforms. In 1992, the N required all trade unions to be affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU). This effectively brought labor unions under greater control of the government. The Labor Law of 1994 liberalized the labor market. The labor law, when combined with economic reforms, resulted in more than 40 million lost jobs in government and state-owned enterprises. As a result of the reforms, the government shuttered inefficient businesses and the formerly economically dominant northeast turned into a rustbelt. Meanwhile, Chinese entrepreneurs and Hong Kong investors transformed the formerly weak southeast province of Guangdong into the largest center of manufacturing in the world. In 2008, the government introduced a Labor Contract Law that rolled back some of the laissez-faire approaches to the workforce that the government introduced in the 1990s. This new law abolished the system of at-will employment for most full-time employees and required employers to provide employees with written contracts. Since 2008, the government has also revisited its policy of tight control over the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU). While all unions must still be approved by and affiliated with ACFTU, it appears that the government is allowing the ACFTU greater authority to advocate for the rights of workers than it did just a few years ago. That said, the government continues to imprison workers who advocate for the formation of independent trade unions. W A G ES Does China have a minimum wage? 4 Yes. There are two standards of minimum wage: monthly and hourly. Minimum wages are set at the provincial and municipal level. The government prohibits employers from reaching an agreement with employees for wages that fall below the local minimum wage standard regardless of whether the employee is still in her or his probation period or internship. A probationary period occurs at the beginning of an employment relationship and allows employers to terminate employees without severance pay up to a maximum of six months, but usually just two months. The probation period allows the employer to make sure the employee is a good fit with the employer before being locked into the full term of the employment contract. Provincial and municipal governments frequently adjust statutory minimum wages. For example, many municipalities have raised their minimum wages twice in the past year alone. Ho It depends on the locality. -time employees is RMB 1,120/month, or roughly $165. However, in the poorer inland city of Chongqing, the minimum wage is RMB 870/month, or roughly $130. Of course, purchasing wages. The relative cost of living in China is lower than in many developed countries, but even when wages are adjusted for relative prices they remain much lower than in highly developed countries. How much do factory workers earn? It depends on the locality, industry, skill level, and a host of other factors. However, several sources keep broad indices of costs for general factory labor across many regions. Although the indices are only rough estimates, they are helpful in gauging wage differentials across the country. For example, a skilled manufacturing employee in Beijing can be hired for 5 RMB 3,000/month, or roughly $445. A similar worker in the poorer inland municipality of Chongqing can be hired for RMB 1,900/month, or roughly $280. To illustrate how important geographic location is in determining wage rates, the average employee salary in Beijing is nearly three times higher than in the poor inland province of Jiangxi. Do Chinese workers get overtime? T , an employer must pay overtime compensation to any employee who works more than 40 hours per week. As a general rule, an employer cannot require overtime of more than one hour per day, or three hours per day under special circumstances, and no more than 36 hours per month. As in many other countries, white collar workers like managers and sales staff are often exempt from the overtime pay rules. The following payment schedule illustrates the overtime pay requirements. E xtended Wor king Hours Typical working day Rest day (min. one per week) (i. e. , weekend) National holiday M inimum O vertime Pay (percent of regular wages) 150 percent 200 percent 300 percent Many migrant workers desperate to earn quick money agree with the employer to work beyond the maximum overtime requirements so they can send extra money home to their families. This type of overtime work is frequently found in industrial hubs and is a contributing cause of recent labor strikes because employees who agree to these arrangements place downward price pressure on wages and upward pressure on hours. Employers are also able to maneuver around overtime regulations by applying to the local labor authorities and asking for approval to use an alternative system of working hours. What are the wage levels for workers who are paid piece-rate? 6 Piece-rate is a compensation system where the employer pays the employee for each unit produced or action performed, not on the basis of time. Piece-rate wages are still a feature of to address the exploitation of employees through piece rates. For example, workers were exploited when employers paid workers at piece-rate, but then fined them for quality defects, tardiness, or no reason at all. These penalties effectively left workers with wages far below what the employer promised the workers during the hiring process. The first principle of piece-rate wages is that employers cannot set a work quota so high that it prevents an employee from completing the work within an eight-hour day or an average 40-hour week.

Immigrants and Assimilation into American Society Essay -- Immigration

Immigrants and Assimilation into American Society Several years ago, America was taught to be a 'melting pot,' a place where immigrants of different cultures or races form an integrated society, but now America is more of a 'salad bowl' where instead of forming an incorporated entity the people who make up the bowl are unwilling to unite as one. America started as an immigrant nation and has continued to be so. People all over the world come to America for several reasons. Most people come to America voluntarily, but very few come unwillingly. For whatever reasons they may have for coming they all have to face exposure to American society. When exposed to this 'new' society they choose whether to assimilate or not. Assimilation in any society is complex. Since assimilation is not simple, people will have negative experiences when assimilating into American society. In American society, learning to speak English properly is a crucial factor in assimilation. People who have decided to come to America have found it rather difficult to assimilate into American society for several reasons. One reason being that learning a new language is or can be considerably difficult depending on your age. This is so because the act of learning a new language such as English, is much more difficult for an elderly person than for one who has not reached adolescence. According to Grognet, for elderly people there are several factors that affect their willingness to learn. Among those factors are, physical health, mental health, cultural expectations, attitude, motivation and finally the ability to acquire the correct diction, and to suitable articulation (Grognet 296-297). For a person who has not reached the prepubescent age, it is... ...accomplished the assimilation into one race, it consists of people sharing a similar identity. In the words of Richard Rodriguez, ?We are gathered together-but as individuals?we stand together, alone,? thus people will assimilate but as individual ?Americans?. Bibliography: 1. Grognet, Allene. ?Elderly Refugees and Language Learning.? Hillard, Piro, and Warner. 295-300. 2. Houston, Jeanne. ?Arrival at Manzanar.? Hillard, Piro, and Warner. 307-314. 3. Lopez, Cynthia. ?Cranderismo: A Healing Art.? Hillard, Piro, and Warner. 334-336. 4. Rodriguez, Richard. ?Does America Still Exist Hillard, Piro, and Warner. 183-186. 5. Tan, Amy. ?My Mother?s English.? Hillard, Piro, and Warner. 42-46. 6. Hillard, Judith, Vincent, Piro, and J. Sterling Warner, Eds. Visions Across The Americas. Orlando, Fl: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

History Of Antimicrobial Agents Health And Social Care Essay

Chemical compounds biosynthetically or synthetically produced which either destroy or usefully stamp down the growing or metamorphosis of a assortment of microscopic or submicroscopic signifiers of life. On the footing of their primary activity, they are more specifically called bactericide, fungicide, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, or antiviral agents.3.2 History of antimicrobic agentsThe modern epoch of antimicrobic chemotherapy began in 1929, with Fleming ‘s find of the powerful disinfectant substance, Penicillin and Domagk ‘s find in 1935 of man-made chemicals ( sulfa drugs ) with wide antimicrobic activity. In the early 1940 ‘s spurred partly by the demand for antibacterial agents in World War II, penicillin was isolated and purified and injected into experimental animate beings, where it was found non merely to bring around infections but besides to possess improbably low toxicity for the animate beings. This fact ushered into being the age of antibiotic chemot herapy, and an intense hunt for similar antimicrobic agents of low toxicity to animate beings that might turn out utile in the intervention of infective disease. The rapid isolation of Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline shortly followed, and by the 1950 ‘s, these and several other antibiotics were in clinical use ( 13 ) . The lustre of the antimicrobic epoch shortly began to demo grounds of tarnish nevertheless, as first bacteriums, so fungi, and so viruses began to develop opposition to the antimicrobic agents directed against them. Microbial inventiveness and resiliency have ne'er been more apparent than in their singular ability to develop opposition to chemotherapeutic agents. This is particularly true of bacteriums that have modified their Deoxyribonucleic acid by chromosomal mutant and by geting opposition cistrons via junction, transmutation, and even transduction. There are apparently no boundaries to the capablenesss of some micro-organisms to develop opposition. The acquisition of Vancocin opposition in Enterococci by the assembly of multiple foreign cistrons into permutable elements and the presentation of movable fluoroquinolone opposition cistrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae are 2 graphic illustrations of this ( 14,15 ) . Antimicrobial opposition has been fueled by inappropriate usage of antimicrobic agents, particularly those directed against bacteriums. Widespread industrial and agricultural usage of disinfectants has played a function, but the involuntariness of the medical profession to accept steps for the control of indiscriminate prescribing and inappropriate dosing of antibiotics besides need to be addressed. Clinicians have failed to cover with a potentially solvable job, and others are taking up the challenge. The grim spread of antimicrobic opposition is now of concern to bureaus of legion authoritiess and wellness bureaus worldwide, including the World Health Organization, which has attempted to supply rational solutions to the job ( 16 ) . Several writers ( 7,8 ) have reported concern about the uninterrupted indiscriminate and inordinate usage of antimicrobic agents that promote the outgrowth of antibiotic-resistant beings. Monitoring of antimicrobic usage and cognition of prescription wonts are some of the schemes recommended to incorporate opposition to disinfectants in hospitalized patients.3.3 Drug Utilization researchDrug Utilization research was defined by WHO as â€Å" the selling, distribution, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic effects † . The primary importance of drug use research is to ease rational drug usage in the population. A good cognition about how drugs are prescribed aids in measuring the reason in drug use and to better prescribing patterns. It besides provides penetration into whether the prescribed drug therapy provides value for money. The part of use surveies for rational drug consists of three of import way s. Description of drug usage forms. Provides early signals of irrational drug usage. Helps in follow up of intercessions to better drug usage. The importance of Drug Utilization surveies increases in pharmacoepidemiolgy by bridging more closely with other countries such as public wellness, rational usage of drugs, grounds based drug usage, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, eco -pharmacovigilance and pharmacogenetics ( 17 ) . The research in this field analyses the current province and the developmental tendency in drug use at assorted degrees of the wellness attention system, whether national, regional, local or institutional. They aid in measuring drug usage at a population degree, harmonizing to age, sex, societal category, morbidity and other factors ( 18 ) .3.4 Prescription and OrderingSurveies of prescription and prescribing are an of import portion of use surveies. On utilizing informations on prescriptions it is possible, To analyze forms of drug usage among patient classs defined by age, sex or diagnosing. To analyze the relation between prescribed medical specialty and evident indicant. Identify the unwellnesss most often treated. Identify and analyze prescription determiners, such as the extent to which prescribing has been influenced by peculiar information or promotion runs. Examine specific safety jobs in drug usage in the visible radiation of existent pattern ( 19 ) .3.5 Drug Use IndexsDatas from medical patterns and wellness installations may be used to mensurate specific facets of wellness proviso and drug usage. This information is used to bring forth indexs that provide information on ordering wonts and facets of patient attention. These indexs can be used to find where drug usage jobs exist, provide a mechanism for monitoring and supervising and motivate wellness attention suppliers to follow established wellness attention criterions. Prescription and dispensing informations are utile for finding some of the quality indexs of drug usage recommended by the WHO. These include: Average figure of drugs per brush Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name Percentage of brushs with an antibiotic prescribed Percentage of brushs with an injection prescribed Percentage of drugs prescribed from indispensable drugs list or formulary Average drug cost per brush The indexs of ordering patterns evaluate the public presentation of wellness attention suppliers in assorted dimensions related to allow usage of drugs ( 19 ) .3.5.1. Average figure of drugs per brushPurpose To mensurate the grade of polypharmacy. Prerequisites Combination drugs are counted as a individual drug prescription. Guidelines are needed on how to number certain equivocal prescribing patterns ( e.g. some standardised consecutive therapies ) . Calculation Average, calculated by spliting the entire figure of different drug merchandises prescribed, by the figure of brushs surveyed. It is non relevant whether the patient really received the drugs.3.5.2. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic namePurpose To mensurate the inclination to order by generic name. Prerequisites Research workers must be able to detect the existent names used in the prescription instead than merely holding entree to the names of the merchandises dispensed, since these may be different ; a list must be available of specific merchandise names to be counted as generic drugs. Calculation Percentage, calculated by spliting the figure of drugs prescribed by generic name by the entire figure of drugs prescribed, multiplied by 100.3.5.3. Percentage of brushs with an antibiotic prescribedPurpose To mensurate the overall degree of Antibiotic usage. Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics. Calculation per centums, calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an antibiotic was prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs surveyed, multiplied by 100.3.5.4. Percentage of brushs with an injection prescribedPurpose To mensurate the overall degree of usage of two of import, but normally overused and dearly-won signifiers of drug therapy. Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics ; research workers must be instructed about which immunisations are non to be counted as injections. Calculation Percentages calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an injection is prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs surveyed, multiplied by 100. 3.5.5 Percentage of drugs prescribed from indispensable drugs Purpose To mensurate the grade to which patterns confirm to a national drug policy, as indicated by ordering from the national indispensable drugs list or formulary for the type of installation surveyed. Prerequisites Transcripts of a published national indispensable drugs list or local institutional pharmacopeia to which informations on prescribed drugs can be compared ; processs are needed for finding whether or non trade name name merchandises are tantamount to 1s looking in generic signifier on the drug list or formulary. Calculation Percentage, calculated by spliting the figure of merchandises prescribed which are listed on the indispensable drugs list or local pharmacopeia ( or which are tantamount to drugs on the list ) by the entire figure of merchandises prescribed, multiplied by 100 ( 19 ) .3.6 Intensive attention unit ( ICU )Intensive attention unit ( ICU ) is a scene where a big figure of drugs are administered to patients and where the costs of hospitalization and drug intervention are high. The usage of unequal empirical antimicrobic therapy is common in intensive attention unit patients and contributes to a figure of hapless results. In such puting choosing appropriate antimicrobic therapy is complicated by many factors, including the big figure of agents available, the presence of immune beings and the general desire among practicians to utilize the most focussed therapy available ( 20 ) . The prescribing of antibiotics in the ICU is normally empirical, based on general status of the patients hospitalized at that place. Appropriate antibiotic use in this scene is important non merely in guaranting an optimum result, but in restricting the outgrowth of opposition and containing costs. We propose that research in the ICUs is vitally of import in steering antibiotic prescription patterns and thereby advancing rational antibiotic therapy. There is broad institutional diverseness in the comparative prevalence of prevailing pathogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness between infirmaries. Among different ICUs of same infirmary besides there is fluctuation in prevailing pathogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness. Therefore, appropriate antibiotic prescription patterns should be formulated based on surveillance surveies and research for single ICUs ( 21 ) .3.7 Knowledge from old surveies3.7.1 In the Medical Intensive attention Unit of measurementsIn a drug use survey done in Western Nepal in 2003 by Shankar PR et Al ( Investigation of antimicrobic usage form in the intensive intervention unit of a teaching infirmary in western Nepal ) it was observed that Mean+/-SD drugs per patient was 3.4+/-1.8. About half ( 50.2 % ) of the patients received an antimicrobic ; 84.6 % of the disinfectants were used without obtaining bacteriologic grounds of infection. The commonest organisms isolated on civilization were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. A sum of 28.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections on the footing of the putative site of infection ; 61.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed by the parenteral path and chiefly the older coevals of disinfectants were used. In 39 of the 149 patients prescribed an antimicrobic, the usage was irrational ( 22 ) . In 2010 Vandana A Bada et Al Studied Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Medicine Intensive Care Unit of a Teaching Hospital in Central India and reported that in the intensive attention unit Cefotaxime was the most normally used AMA by 32 % patients, followed by Metronidazole by 24 % patients and Ampicillin by 17.29 % patients. 77 % patients were given 1- 3 AMAs, 23 % patients were given 4 – 8 AMAs. Most common indicant for the antimicrobic therapy was infection. Harmonizing to rating usage of antimicrobic therapy was rational in merely 30 % patients. Average figure of drugs per patients were 7.5 drugs ( 23 ) . Lisha Jenny toilet et Al during 2005-2006 studied use of antimicrobic agents in medical intensive attention unit of a third attention infirmary in Bangalore, India and reported that of the 902 patients admitted in the medical ICU during the survey period, male to female ratio was 1.9. The mean for age was 49.21A ±15.84 old ages. Extensive polypharmacy ( 100 % ) was noticed. The mean figure of drugs per patient ( prescription ) was 11.6A ±2.09.Cephalosporins 505 ( 69.3 % ) and aminoglycosides 263 ( 35 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. Cefoperazone ( J01DD12 ) 218 ( 30 % ) , amikacin 211 ( 28.9 % ) , metronidazole 208 ( 28.6 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. A sum of 228 perscriptions ( 31.3 % ) contained two antimicrobic prescription and ( 187 ) 25.7 % contained 3 drugs. Cefoperazone + sulbactam ( J01DD62 ) 224 ( 30.8 % ) was the most common FDC noticed ( 24 ) . A survey done in 1992 by MV Srishyla et Al surveyed the Antimicrobial prescribing form in the in-patient scene of a 800-bedded third infirmary in Bangalore, India showed that 56 % of in-patients were prescribed antimicrobic agents and 44 % of them received a combination of disinfectants. In all, 36 different antimicrobic agents were prescribed. Gentamicin ( 17 % ) , Metronidazole ( 9 % ) and Ciprofloxacin ( 8 % ) were the most normally used agents. Lower respiratory tract infection was the most common. The type of usage was empirical in 34 % , directed in 27 % and contraceptive in 32 % of the prescriptions. Of the contraceptive prescriptions, 80 % were for surgical prophylaxis and 61 % of these were administered by unwritten path. Besides, the continuance of disposal exceeded 72 hours in 92 % of the patients prescribed disinfectants for surgical prophylaxis ( 25 ) .3.7.2 In the Paediatric Intensive Care UnitsIn 2003, Palikhe N studied the Prescribing form of antibiotics in pediatric infirmary of Kathmandu vale and it was found that the mean figure of drugs per patient was 5.01+/-1.36 and figure of antibiotics per patient was 2.41+/-1.02. More than 98 % of the patients were exposed to, at least, two drugs. Among 121 patients clinically diagnosed with infective diseases and treated with antibiotics, specimens were taken for civilization in merely 24 instances i.e. ( 19.8 % ) to place infective beings. Merely 13 specimens showed positive civilization consequences. Infants less than 1 twelvemonth received antibiotics more often than 1-5 and 5-12 old ages ( 40, 31 and 29 % , P & lt ; 0.001, P=0.000 ) . Seventy-five per centum of the entire antibiotics were administered parenterally. Cephalosporin was the top most often prescribed antibiotic group followed by penicillin group. Significant difference was found between age group of patient and disease encountered ( chi2 = 42.95, P=0.000 ) ( 26 ) . Shankar P R et Al studied the prescribing forms among pediatric inmates in a teaching infirmary in western Nepal during 2003-2004 and observed that 356 patients were admitted during the survey period, of which 228 were male. The average continuance of hospitalization was four yearss. The average figure of drugs prescribed per admittance was 4.5. 789 drugs ( 48.9 per centum ) were prescribed by the parenteral path. Antibiotics were prescribed in 249 admittances ( 69.9 per centum ) . Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter species were the common beings isolated, and were resistant in some instances to the commonly-used antibiotics. The mean ( +/- criterion divergence ) cost of drugs per admittance was 5.4 ( +/-1.6 ) US dollars ( 27 ) . In the twelvemonth 2004 Ansam Sawalha et Al studied the Pattern of parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hospital in Palestine and found that three hundred and 40 pediatric patients were admitted to Al-Watani authorities infirmary during the survey period. Gastroenteritis was the most common cause of hospitalization, while upper respiratory piece of land infection ( URTI ) was the most common cause of parenteral antimicrobic agent disposal. Two hundred and 10s ( 61.8 % ) patients received parenteral antimicrobic agents while 16 ( 4.7 % ) received both parenteral and unwritten antimicrobic agents. Single antimicrobic agent was prescribed for ( 50.6 % ) patients. Cefuroxime was the chief individual antimicrobic agent used ; it was administered to 70/226 ( 31 % ) patients ( 28 ) . Aparna Williams et Al ( Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a third degree intensive attention unit in Northern India ) analysed Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a third degree intensive attention unit in Northern India and found that a sum of 1246 drugs and 418 antibiotics were prescribed in the 200 patients studied, that is, an norm of 6.23 ( A ± SD 2.73 ) drugs/prescription and 2.09 ( A ± SD 1.27 ) antibiotics/prescription. Antibiotics were prescribed on 190 patients ( 95 % ) at admittance. There was a important correlativity between the figure of patients prescribed three or more antibiotics and mortality rates 53 % nonsurvivors vs. 33.5 % subsisters ( P = 0.015 ) . The mean cost of the antibiotics was Rupees 1995.08 ( A ± SD 2099.99 ) per patient and antibiotics outgo accounted for 73.2 % of the entire drug costs ( 29 ) .3.7.3In the Neonatal Intensive Care UnitsWarrier cubic decimeter et Al studied the Pattern of drug use in a neonatal intensiv e attention unit in Children ‘s Hospital of Michigan during 1997 to 2004 and reported that average drug usage was 3.6/infant, with the highest usage in the 24- to 27-week gestational age group ( 11.7/infant ) . Ampicillin and Claforan had the highest exposure rates. Premature babies had high usage of wetting agent, vasoconstrictor agents, and water pills. Caucasians, males, gestational age & lt ; 28 hebdomads, and birthweight & lt ; 1000 g were the hazard factors for higher drug exposure ( 30 ) . T. B. Yves Liem et al did a survey during 2005 by roll uping informations from all third attention NICUs in the Netherlands on clinical and demographic features and the type and measure of systemic antibiotic usage were analysed. It was found that Antibiotic ingestion ranged from 130 to 360 DDD/100 admittances. In entire, 9-24 different antibiotics were used, of which 3-10 were in the Drug Utilization 90 % section. In the bulk of the NICUs ( 6 out of 10 ) , extended-spectrum penicillins ( Amoxil and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid ) , ?-lactamase resistant and sensitive penicillins ( flucloxacillin and penicillin G, severally ) , aminoglycosides ( Garamycin and amikacin ) , Cephalosporins ( first and 3rd coevals ) and glycopeptides ( Vancocin and teicoplanin ) were used ( 31 ) . Another survey done by Fanos V et Al found that penicillins, Mefoxins, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, monobactams and carbapenems are the categories of disinfectants often used in NICU. Chloromycetin, cotrimoxazole, macrolides, clindamycin, rifampicin and Flagyl are seldom used ( 32 ) . In 2007 Natalie Schellack et Al analysed antibiotic prescribing forms in a neonatal intensive attention unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital in Ga-Rankuwa and reported that Of the 100 patients followed, 95 were prescribed endovenous antibiotics. All prescribed antibiotics for 77 patients are listed in the antibiotic policy. Nineteen different antibiotics were prescribed, and 11 of the 19 prescribed antibiotics appear in the antibiotic policy. Most patients received more than two antibiotics during their stay, as the mean figure of antibiotics used per patient during the survey period was 3.4. The mean continuance of usage for all antibiotics, except cefepime and Rocephin, was for longer than seven yearss. Although antibiotics were used harmonizing to the ward protocol in the bulk of patients, divergences from the protocol were associated with patients ‘ clinical status and/or consequences from blood civilizations ( 33 ) . There are no sufficient informations available about the use form of antimicrobic agents in the Intensive attention Units of third attention infirmaries of South India, particularly Tamilnadu. Current ordering form of Antimicrobial Drugs in a geographical country is needed to analyze the reason in use and to do necessary alterations in the use form if needed. It will besides assist to explicate antibiotic policy for the establishment which will assist in the bar of farther outgrowth of antibiotic opposition. So this survey is done to analyze the current use form of Antimicrobial agents in the Intensive Care Units: NICU ( Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ) , PICU ( Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ) and MICU ( Medical Intensive Care Unit ) of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduche

Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legal?

Most people in North America die what may be called a bad death. One study found that ‘More often than not, patients died in pain, their desires concerning treatment neglected, after spending 10 days or more in an intensive care unit’† (Horgan). The word euthanasia is the opposite of bad death in that its Greek origins of eu (good) and thanatos (death) have it meaning good death.   The media attention dedicated to Dr.   Jack Kevorkian, the â€Å"death doctor,† in the 1980s has given rise to some interesting questions and moral dilemmas concerning the right to die.   Ã‚  Jack Kevorkian made use of suicide machines, rigged contraptions that would deliver a death blow, to his patients that recommended them.Basically, euthanasia is the mercy killing of an individual who has a terminal illness and who might be in considerable pain or have no quality of life.   It can take two forms.   Passive Euthanasia is simply denying the patient lifesaving treatment s.   Examples of this can be the removal of feeding tubes or breathing tubes.   Active Euthanasia is, as the name implies, an active way to put a suffering individual to death.   It may include administering lethal doses of painkillers or toxins to the individual.   One definition of physician assisted suicide which combines both type of euthanasia and therefore has been dubbed ‘voluntary passive euthanasia (VPE) is â€Å"A physician supplies information and/or the means of committing suicide (e.g. a prescription for lethal dose of sleeping pills, or a supply of carbon monoxide gas) to a person, so that they can easily terminate their own life (Robinson). Recently morals and ethics have come into conflict over this issue.   Is the right to die inherent in each individual?   What role does dignity play?   Is the quality of life more important than the sanctity of life?The majority of people look to answer these questions from their own personal experiences.   T hose who have watched love ones die long and painful deaths will usually wish to avoid those ends themselves.   When death is imminent, suffering for a few extra days spent in pain or even unconscious or unaware of one’s surroundings seems a futile and even cruel punishment to inflict upon oneself or a loved one.   Others fear that the depression and pain experienced by the dying person are clouding their decision-making abilities. However, personal feelings are the least likely to be validated because everyone’s personal feelings and view differ.   Therefore, other levels of the moral and legal hierarchy must be considered.Many attempt to resolve this dilemma through religious avenues.   Religion as a basis for legal decisions is not uncommon.   Legally, the church and state must remain separate, but many exceptions have been made.   A moment of silence in school can be used for prayer.   Member of certain religious denominations may refuse medical treat ment such as vaccinations for their children.   Certain individuals are not required to swear on the Bible in court, and some religious groups are even allowed controlled and illegal substances for use in religious services.   Clearly precedence has been set for breaching or at least blurring, the line between legal and moral. Most devoutly religious individuals believe that taking the life of another is immoral under any circumstances.   They believe that only God can give and take life. Clearly they view physician-assisted suicide as murder.   Doctors who do so are playing God, which is considered a sin.From a medical standpoint, doctors are often in the middle of this debate. As physicians, they are extremely knowledgeable about the pain and suffering associated with terminal diseases and injuries.   They may feel personally saddened at this deterioration of a patient that they have come to know.   However, the doctors are bound by the Hippocratic Oath in which they h ave sworn â€Å"first, do no harm.†Ã‚   At this point, they possible feel conflicted between their professional duty and their personal feelings.Legally, taking one’s own life is suicide and taking another’s life is murder. Wikipedia defines murder as â€Å"the premeditated unlawful killing of one human being by another through any action intended to kill or cause grievous bodily harm† (Murder). This definition, doctors who take the life of a patient, even one who is suffering horrible and certain to die, is guilty of murder.Thus, the question of should physician-assisted suicide be legal is certainly complex.   Public opinion polls show that the international public is generally supportive of euthanasia.   According to a Gallup poll in 1997, 57% of people are in favor and 35% are opposed in the US.   In Canada, 76% are supportive with that number rising to 80% in Britain, 81% in Australia and 92% in the Netherlands (Reed, A12).The right to die is j ust one of the many choices that have come under the legislative domain.   Roe v. Wade gave the choice of abortion to women.   However, this right is now in jeopardy.   It seem that the US government is afraid to give choices about personal life decisions to the American public out of fear of religious backlash.   This has led to doctors fearing to provide this humanitarian aid out of fear of legal backlash in the form of lawsuits or even prosecution.Sue Rodriguez was the center of a high profile terminally ill case in Canada.   Suffering from ALS, she publicly challenged all opponents of the right to die with â€Å"Whose life is it, anyway.   Her doctor helped her commit suicide in the presence of a Canadian Member of Parliament. Neither was prosecuted (Robinson).   It is very hard to argue with the pleas of a dying woman in this situation.   However, the recent case of Terry Schiavo, in which the family had to make an interpretation of an incapacitated womanâ€⠄¢s desires, is less cut and dried.   Human greed and hatred can interfere with just decision making and this case clearly divided America.One way to ensure that an individual’s own personal wishes are carried out is through a living will.   In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that every individual has the constitutional right to control his or her own medical treatment and that doctors, nurses or any professional staff must follow ‘clear and convincing evidence' of the ill individual’s wishes.   The personal position of the doctors and the family cannot override a living will (Robinson).Unfortunately, 67% of people do not have a living will (Robinson).   In absence of such a document, society is forced to the original question:   Should physician assisted suicide be legal?   Yes, it should.   First of all, the majority of the public believes that it is the right and just thing to do.   Next, legal precedents of the importance of choice in simil ar situations such as abortion have already been established in court.   Third, even if patients are depressed or in pain, they are still dying. The United States Justice system validates the choices of depressed individuals every day.   If a depressed person makes a choice to commit a crime, that choice is validated by an arrest, conviction and possible prison term. Prolonging their life under these circumstances is cruel and unusual punishment.   Doctors can choose as well.   Millions of people rely on doctor’s choices every day.The United States should not strip individual choice from its citizens. Citizens should be able to make the choice and then live (or, in this case, not live) by the consequences.   Physician assisted suicide should be legalized in the United States.   This way it can be documented and cases like Sue Rodriquez and Terry Schiavo will not have to dominate the media but can rest in the peace that they deserve.Works CitedHorgan, John. â€Å" Right to Die.† Scientific American. May 1996.Murder.   Wikipedia. Retrieved 19 July 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MurderReed, Christopher.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oregon Tackles Mercy Killing.† Globe and Mail.   June 27, 1997: A12.Robinson, B.A. Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide.   Ontario Consultants on ReligiousTolerance.   January 19, 2006.   Retrieved 19 July 2006 fromhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm

Audiencia previa Master Calendar en proceso deportación

Audiencia previa Master Calendar en proceso deportacià ³n Cuando un migrante recibe una carta citndolo para que se presente en una fecha determinada en corte para el Master Calendar eso significa que se ha iniciado y dado el primer paso en el proceso de deportacià ³n en su contra. Durante este proceso el migrante se juega ganar el derecho a permanecer en EE.UU. o, por el contrario, obtener una orden de remocià ³n. Por ello es importante entender quà © es el Master Calendar y quà © se decide en ese momento, cà ³mo prepararse y casos en los que puede tener lugar un segundo Master Calendar  ¿Quà © es el Master Calendar? El Master Calendar es una audiencia previa en el juicio de deportacià ³n. Unas semanas o meses ms tarde tiene lugar la audiencia propiamente dicha, que es que se conoce en inglà ©s como Individual hearing. Cuando un migrante recibe la carta que se conoce en inglà ©s como Notice to Appear, o por sus siglas NTA, en la que se seà ±ala que debe presentarse en fecha y hora determinada en una Corte de Inmigracià ³n para el Master Calendar. El Master Calendar quiere decir que se ha iniciado contra un migrante un procedimiento de deportacià ³n. Los cargos son los que se seà ±alan en la Notice to Appear, es decir, en la carta en la que se notificà ³ que debà ­a presentarse en Corte para el Master Calendar. En algunos casos los migrantes podrà ­an recibir otro tipo de notificacià ³n. Son ejemplos de cargos los siguientes: ingreso ilegal a EE.UU.permanecer en el paà ­s ms tiempo del permitidoutilizacià ³n de documentos falsosmentir en la aplicacià ³n de un beneficio migratoriocondena por determinados delitos, etc. Los abogados recomiendan nunca reconocer un fraude como, por ejemplo, la utilizacià ³n de documentos falsos.  ¿Quà © sucede en un Master Calendar ante un Juez de Inmigracià ³n? En las audiencias Master Calendar el juez cita a muchos migrantes –pueden ser incluso 30– para que comparezcan en el mismo plazo de tiempo de unas dos horas. Y a partir de ahà ­ ir resolviendo asuntos bsicamente de carcter administrativo. El juez llamar a cada migrante por su nà ºmero de Alien Registration Number y nombre. Cuando se produce el llamado, el inmigrante y, si tiene, su abogado, se levantarn e irn hablar con el juez.  Adems, tambià ©n estar presente al abogado que representa los intereses del gobierno. Se trata de determinar de manera rpida quà © camino va a seguir el proceso de deportacià ³n. Si el inmigrante tiene abogado, de pago o pro bono, lo ms frecuente es que las preguntas las conteste el letrado. El juez va a recordar los cargos contra el migrante, que ya se conocen porque figuran en la carta del Notice to Appear. El inmigrante puede rechazarlos o admitirlos. Tambià ©n puede seà ±alar que hay errores, como por ejemplo, si se dice que entrà ³ en determinada fecha en el paà ­s y la verdadera es otra, es el momento de llamar la atencià ³n del juez sobre eso. A continuacià ³n se establecer cul es el alivio que se va a buscar para luchar contra la deportacià ³n, Por ejemplo, si se solicita asilo, o una  salida voluntaria  o se est en condicià ³n de pedir un  ajuste de estatus, etc. Tambià ©n se van a decidir puntos como la fecha de la vista que se conoce como Individual Hearing y muy posiblemente el juez dà © unos plazos para presentar documentacià ³n para enviar aplicaciones o informacià ³n adicional. Es importante tener a mano un calendario donde anotar las fechas, ya que deben cumplirse todos los plazos. Incluso es posible que se fije una segunda audiencia Master Calendar como, por ejemplo, cuando el migrante todavà ­a no ha encontrado a un abogado que se haga cargo de su caso o cuando el letrado todavà ­a no ha tenido tiempo para beneficiarse con el mismo. Al finalizar la audiencia del Master Calendar se recibir un papel (Notice) donde aparece una nueva fecha: la de la vista individual y, en algunos casos, el de otra audiencia previa. Audiencia de Master Calendar y peticiones de asilo Para los migrantes que solicitan asilo en la audiencia del Master Calendar cabe destacar que si se solicita asilo es conveniente que cuando el juez pregunta a quà © paà ­s se desea ser deportado, si esa es la decisià ³n final del caso, no se diga el paà ­s propio, ya que se considera que el solicitante de asilo tiene miedo de regresar. Hablarlo con un abogado porque podrà ­a ser recomendable guardar silencio ante esa pregunta. Asimismo, si se solicita el asilo debe pedirse, al mismo tiempo, cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n conocida en inglà ©s como withholding of removal y tambià ©n la proteccià ³n segà ºn la Convencià ³n de Naciones Unidas en contra de la Tortura. Tambià ©n para los solicitantes de asilo cabe destacar que si se acepta una expulsià ³n rpida conocida en inglà ©s como expedited removal el plazo que se dar para la audiencia principal individual de mà ©ritos es de un mximo de 180 dà ­as a contar desde la fecha en la que se presentà ³ inicialmente la solicitud, lo cual puede ser insuficiente para preparar con garantà ­as el caso de asilo. Pero, por otro lado, si no se acepta el expedited removal el migrante no tendr derecho a obtener un permiso de trabajo mientras el caso se tramita en Corte migratoria. Preparacià ³n para audiencia Master Calendar: quà © llevar y cunto se demora El inmigrante debe presentarse con tiempo y haber planeado el dà ­a de tal manera que sepa que es posible que pase en el edificio de la Corte varias horas, aunque su presencia ante el juez va a durar unos 20 minutos. Para asegurase de llegar a tiempo, consultar la direccià ³n exacta de la corte. Tambià ©n se puede saber el nombre del juez y del administrador de la corte. Ir bien presentado, sin nada que pueda ser considerado un arma, y llevar la carta del Notice to Appear donde se le cita para esa Corte el dà ­a en que se presenta. Llevar tambià ©n un I.D. que puede ser el pasaporte, una licencia de manejar, la matrà ­cula consular, etc. Tambià ©n debe llevarse el original de cualquier documento que se estime, a sugerencia del abogado si se tuviera uno, que servir para ilustrar el alivio de la deportacià ³n que se solicita. Aunque la ley no obliga a llevar abogado es muy recomendable, ya que las estadà ­sticas demuestran que realmente hay una gran diferencia en resultados cuando los migrantes estn debidamente representados por un letrado que conoce las leyes de inmigracià ³n, es honrado y pone tiempo y esfuerzo para entender el caso del cliente y buscar una posible solucià ³n. Se puede ir acompaà ±ado de familiares, pero nunca debe ir a un edificio federal voluntaria un indocumentado, ya que puede ser arrestado. Es recomendable que se queden en casa o esperen fuera del edificio de la Corte. Adems, es mejor que los menores no està ©n dentro de una sala de inmigracià ³n ya que se pueden ver u oà ­r cosas desagradables o muy duras para ellos.  ¿Quà © hacer si no se tiene un buen conocimiento del inglà ©s? Si no se entiende inglà ©s y, por lo tanto, no se tiene comprensià ³n de quà © est sucediendo se puede solicitar un intà ©rprete. Lo ms frecuente es que este servicio se preste por telà ©fono y es totalmente gratuito. No est permitido que el migrante traiga a corte a su propio intà ©rprete. Quà © se puede hacer si los plazos seà ±alados por el juez son muy cortos Puede suceder que el inmigrante no pueda preparar bien su defensa o encontrar y reunir todos los documentos y testigos para respaldar el alivio que se desea pedir en los plazos que fijà ³ el juez de Inmigracià ³n. Si ese es el caso hay que pedir una extensià ³n de los plazos, lo que en inglà ©s se conoce como extension of deadlines. Y, si lo que es necesario es pasar para una fecha ms tarde el individual hearing entonces lo que procede es pedir una audiencia para ms tarde continuance. Es muy importante argumentar bien la razà ³n por la que se necesitan estas nuevas fechas. Si no se hace asà ­, el juez lo va a negar. Tambià ©n en los casos en los que se ha fijado un nuevo Master Calendar, en vez de una Individual Hearing, se puede pedir que se posponga la fecha y tambià ©n a travà ©s de lo que se conoce como continuance. Tambià ©n tiene que estar apoyada esta peticià ³n por alguna razà ³n. Por ejemplo, que se acaba de encontrar abogado y à ©ste todavà ­a no ha tenido tiempo para familiarizarse con el caso. Consecuencias de no presentarse a audiencia Master Calendar No presentarse a un Master Calendar o incluso simplemente llegar tarde, como por ejemplo, por razones de trfico, puede tener consecuencias realmente malas.   Por ejemplo, el juez puede negar toda posible defensa que se pretende argumentar frente a la deportacià ³n. O, incluso, puede dictar una orden de deportacià ³n aunque el migrante no està © presente. Es lo que se conoce como deportacià ³n in absentia. Las personas que no se presentaron a un Master Calendar pueden utilizar un sistema automatizado para saber si tienen una orden de deportacià ³n en su contra. La audiencia individual de mà ©ritos En la audiencia Master Calendar no se presentan testigos ni se interroga al migrante, simplemente es una audiencia previa. Ser ms tarde, en la audiencia individual de mà ©ritos, en la que se desarrolla el juicio y al finalizar la misma el juez determinar si el migrante se puede quedar en EE.UU. o, por el contrario, ordena su remocià ³n. Contra la decisià ³n del juez es posible apelar ante el Board of Immigration Appeals. Master Calendar El Master Calendar es una audiencia previa en el juicio de deportacià ³n de un migrante. En ella el migrante no es interrogado ni se presentan testigo y sirve para establecer cul va a ser su defensa .Para el migrante que no se presenta a una cita en corte para Master Calendar o incluso simplemente llega tarde puede ordenarse su deportacià ³n in absence.No es obligatorio presentarse a la Master Calendar con abogado y el gobierno no paga uno de oficio. Sin embargo, es altamente recomendable contratar a un letrado con excelente reputacià ³n o encontrar uno que trabaje pro bono.Si no se habla inglà ©s con fluidez, solicitar los servicios de un intà ©rprete, que es gratuito. El migrante no est autorizado a presentar a su propio traductor. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Civil and Criminal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Human Resource Management & Information Management (MBA) pro 5 Essay

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A response to the prompt - Essay Example Others argue that it might be morally permissible to take lives in certain special cases. There is no agreement or consensus as to what is morally permissible and what is not when it comes to euthanasia. In this paper the issue of euthanasia will be discussed while responding a prompt in which a baby is in considerable pain and has no hope of revival. Different options will be discussed and medical, ethical, legal, and psychological reasons for choosing an option will also be presented. There are three options available for the doctor of Stephanie. The first option involves continuing her treatment without doing anything else. The second option involves slowly withdrawing treatment and ‘allowing’ her to die naturally. The second option is a perfect example of passive euthanasia. The third option is to act now and end the life of Stephanie in order to save her from the pain she is experiencing. Below each of the three options will be discussed. The first option will lead to great pain to the patient without any hope of medical revival. But it cannot be ignored that there have been cases where medical evidence has been refuted. This is a safe option for a doctor as continuing the treatment will not break any medical laws or will be morally questionable. But the downside of this option is that the patient will go through immense pain for no good reason and her quality of life will not improve. The second option finds a middle way between the two extreme options, but is still not immune from moral criticism. Some might argue that letting a patient die and taking a life might be morally indifferent (Rachels, 87). This makes the second option also complicated as many also argue against passive euthanasia. However, this option is legally permissible if the decision to stop the treatment is taken with the consent of the parents. The third option is another extreme and calls for ending

Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Mexico - Research Paper Example Mexico got its independence from Spain on the 21st of September 1821. It was declared and established as an independent republic in 1824. It is also known as the United Mexican States. Mexico went through numerous challenges because of invaders and other kinds of national problems that affected it throughout the twentieth century. It has risen from its troubled past, however, and is currently one of the most popularly liked and thriving nations of the world. Mexico is the fifth largest country in North America and the thirteenth largest in the whole world. Mexico fits in geographically with North-America, but ethnologically, it is part of Latin America (Nationsonline.org, n.d.). Mexico has the highest population in all of Spanish-speaking countries in the world. Around 70% of the people live in urban areas (Nationsonline.org, n.d.). Based on some estimates, the population of the area around Mexico City is roughly 18 million, which means it has the highest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere (Nationsonline.org, n.d.). The capital of Mexico is Mexico City. It has always been the centre of economic, political, social and cultural values of the nation, even before Mexico became a part of Spain. But when Mexico became independent, ultimately, Mexico City was made the capital of the United Mexican States. The flag of Mexico is quite different from other flags of the world. It is not only unique, but also holds a very deep and interesting story, as well as strong facts about the country Mexico. The flag consists of three colored bands placed in a vertical manner. Starting from the left, the first band is of green color, which represents hope, joy, love and prosperity (Barbezat, n.d.). The second band is of white color, which depicts peace, unity, and honesty (Barbezat, n.d.). The third band has the color red, which symbolizes courage and strength (Barbezat, n.d.). Initially, the green stood for independence, white symbolized religion, and red represented the union of Americans and Europeans; however, during the secularization of the country under President Benito Juarez (president of Mexico from 1858 to 1872), the implications of the colors were changed: green meant hope, white for unity, and red for the blood of the national heroes (Barbezat, n.d.). In the center of the white band is The Mexican Coat of Arms. It is composed of an eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus (Barbezat, n.d.). The Mexican Coat of Arms is based on an Aztec legend, which narrated the way in which t he Aztecs came to select the site where they built their capital city of Tenochtitlan (where Mexico City is located at present). The Aztecs, also called as the Mexica ("meh-shee-ka"), were a nomadic people who came from the north of the country (Barbezat, n.d.). The god of war, Huitzilopochtli, showed himself in a dream of an Aztec leader. Huitzilopochtli told this leader that they should settle in the land, where they would find an eagle sitting on top of a prickly pear cactus with a serpent (Barbezat, n.d.). The Aztecs saw this eagle in a quite inhospitable place, a swampy location in the middle of three lakes, but they believed in this vision and built the grand city of Tenochtitlan (Barbezat, n.d.). The currency of Mexico is â€Å"Peso.† Though American and Canadian dollars are accepted at some places where there are maximum visits of tourists, the peso is widely used in every area of Mexico. III. Mexico is widely famous around the world for innumerable features, includin g its astounding natural beauty, as well as man-made amusements. It is a well-developed country and is popular in different parts of the globe. These are some of the reasons that attract tourists towards Mexico. Tourists are usually found in almost every season of the year, especially during school and office vacations, and there are many tourists who enjoy living the Mexican lifestyle for a few days. IV. The following are some of the discussions about language, art, marriage,

Properly Format An Apa Style Paper English Language Essay

Properly Format An Apa Style Paper English Language Essay In this paper we will explore how to properly format an APA style paper. This example will be of use to introductory psychology students who have never had any exposure to APA format. For senior students, this paper may serve as a useful reminder of the key elements of APA style. Learning APA Format for Psychology Students Frequently, students are required to write psychology papers. However, in doing so, there are two broad skills that need to be learned. The first skill is related to the content of the paper. For example, a student writing a paper about dreaming is likely to incorporate the ideas of Freud (1953) or even Hobson and McCarley (1977). The second skill is tied to properly formatting the paper. In psychology, we make use of the format developed by the American Psychological Association (APA: 2001). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the various aspects of APA format for psychology students. In psychology, there are two types of APA style papers. One format, which I call the quantitative paper, includes a method, results and discussion section. In statistics and research methods courses, you will tend to adopt the quantitative approach. I have published a number of articles in this format (e.g., Dyce OConnor, 1994). In this course you are not collecting and analyzing data, therefore, you do not include subtitles for the methods, results and discussion sections. The paper that you are going to write is a qualitative paper. This style of paper does not involve statistical analyses, rather, it involves a synthesis of ideas (e.g., Dyce, 1994). 1) Title Page The first thing students need to learn how to master in APA format is the title page. First, you will notice that the title page is numbered in the upper right corner. In fact, all page numbers are marked in the upper right hand corner. Please note the margins are one inch all the way around and the entire content is double spaced with 12 point font. As well, a good suggestion is to use Times New Roman for the text font. Second, you will notice something called Running head. To access the header in Microsoft Word 2007, at the top of Word select Insert. Under the tab Insert you will find something called Header. Select Header and click on the first option called BLANK. Click on the greyed area and then type in the following Running head: LEARNING APA FORMAT. However, when you get to page two of your document, click on the head in the document. When you do so, look to about the center of tab section of Word and find DESIGN. Under this tab, select Different first page. Then type the words LEARNING APA FORMAT (of course, your words will be differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and click on the red X in the upper right hand corner of the document. If you do so, this will bring you back to your regular document. Finally, on the title page of your article, your name, and institution are located in the center. In my case, the title of the paper is Learning APA Format for Psychology Students. Just below the title you will put your name. For many academic papers, there are multiple authors. The question isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ who goes first? A natural answer to this question would be to put the names in alphabetical order. However, in academic papers, the individual who does most of the work is often the lead author. Below your name, you will put your institution, and in our case it will be Universal University. 2) Abstract The second page is called the Abstract. The word abstract is centered and placed at the top of the page. The abstract itself is a short summary of the paper. In fact, you might be wise to write the abstract after you have finished your paper. The publication manual suggests that the abstract has a number of characteristics. The abstract is accurate as it does not include information that does not appear in the body of the paper. It is concise (i.e., 120 words or less). The purpose of the abstract is to report, not to evaluate. A well-prepared abstract can be the most important paragraph in your article (APA, 2001, p. 12). 3) Body of the Paper The third page is where you start the body of your paper. The title that you used on the first page of your paper is also used at the very top of the third page. In fact, the titles that appear on the first and third page are exactly the same. The title is centered. In the first paragraph, you will want to broadly introduce your topic. Authors often begin with the broad strokes of the research area they are about to describe. Next, you describe more specifically what you are going to talk about. You may take a paragraph or two to introduce your topic. On the third and subsequent pages of the paper, there will be numerous opportunities to discuss other authors ideas. Simply stated, you do not necessarily need to have an entirely original idea for a psychology paper (particularly a student paper). Making reference to another authors ideas can be done in two ways. You can either paraphrase an idea or cite the author directly. When you paraphrase, you are taking another individuals ideas and then putting them into your own words. If you paraphrase, you will have to indicate where the idea came from. For example, lets consider the following paragraph. There many views on dreaming. On the one hand, there is the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (ASH: Hobson McCarley, 1977). Proponents of the ASH believe that dreams are largely physiological, starting with bursts of electrical energy from the pons, with the cerebral cortex later trying to make sense of this energy. In sum, Hobson and McCarley (1977) do not believe that dreams are meaningful. On the other hand, individuals such as Freud believe that dreams are loaded with meaning. Freud (1953) suggested that there are two components to dreams. The manifest content is the storyline, whereas the latent content is the underlying meaning. According to Freud, blah blah blah (1900, p. 52). You will notice that in this paragraph, I am paraphrasing and directly quoting authors. To avoid plagiarism, you will need to use one or more of these strategies. For example, in the above paragraph I paraphrase the ideas of Hobson and McCarley. In doing so, I do not directly lift these authors ideas (i.e., I am not using their ideas word for word). In brief, when using an idea from some source, you need to indicate where this idea came from. Not only is this proper formatting, but it also gives readers the opportunity to check the original source for themselves. You may be saying to yourself, how do readers know where to look? This is why we have a reference section that is found at the very back of the paper (we will talk more about this in a moment). You will also notice that in the bolded paragraph that I directly quote Freud. I am sure Freud never said blah blah blah but you get the idea. Whenever you directly (exactly) use someone elses ideas, you need to indicate the author, the year that the article/book was published and the page number from where the idea came from. It is very important to master this formatting otherwise you might be accused of plagiarism. Consider these factitious examplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Freud (1900) suggests that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25). Dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (Freud, 1900, p. 25). Freud suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25) You will note that in all three examples, the quote is exact, and the author, year and the page number are listed. If an article/book has multiple authors, the authors names must appear in the body of the paper in the order that they are listed in the original work. Consider these factitious examplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Freud and Dyce (1900) suggest that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25). Dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25). Freud and Dyce suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25) Notice the difference between the use of and and. The (shift 7 on your keyboard) is called ampersand. Ampersand is used when you source or quote within parentheses, whereas the word and is used outside of parentheses. For example, in the first example above, I use Freud and Dyce (1900) whereas in the second example I use Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25. Lets suppose you want to paraphrase my lecture ideas (or email) in your paper. The way to do so is as followsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It has been suggested that classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov in the early 1900s (J. A. Dyce, personal communication, October 5, 2005). However, personal communications will not appear in the reference section. In fact, it is one of the few exceptions where a cited author does not appear in the reference section. In general, an author that is listed in the body of paper must appear in the reference section, and vice versa. Use personal communications when the data is not recoverable. I have noticed in recent years that many students use YouTube for presentations. If you use this kind of source for your paper, list it as follows in the body of your paperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The date (2009, October 10) refers to the date when the video was watched. Dyce (2009, October 10) indicates thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4) References The final page of your paper is the reference page, and it occurs on an entirely new page. The reference page lists all of the references that you used in your paper. The word References appears at the top and is centered (see my example at the end of this paper). The authors are listed in alphabetical order according to the first author of the paper. For example, consider these factious articles. Freud, S., Dyce, J. (2001) Flinstone, F., Rubble, B. (2001) Cat, T., Dogs, J., Fish, T. (2001) With this particular collection, the Cat article would appear first, then Flinstone and then Freud. You would not reverse the names in the references list. For example, it might be tempting to reverse the names Freud and Dyce, because they are in improper alphabetical order. However, for a single article, the order must remain the same way as it does in the original article. The lead author must remain the lead author. The various sources that you use can take the form of books, journal articles, or a chapter from a book. The following are some examples of formatting that are loosely taken from the APA manual. One author, journal article Dyce, J. A. (2000). The psychology of rats, cats, and wild dogs. Journal of Animal Behavior, 34, 35-45. Two authors, journal article Dyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000). The psychology of selling a house. Journal of Selling, 50, 56-89. Magazine Article Dyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000, October 10). Whats another word for thesaurus? Science, 450, 445-446. Newspaper article Dyce, J. (2005, October 1). The marital benefits of the expression You are right and I am sorry. The Washington Post, pp. A4. Book Dyce, J. (1900). How to live more than 100 years and not show your age. Washington, DC: American Publication Press. Encyclopedia Dyce, J. (1980). The merits of procrastination. In the new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 25, pp. 50-51). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. YouTube Dyce, J. A. (2009, October 10). What is psychology? [Video file]. Retrieved from You will notice for these references that the first line is flush to the left, and every other line is indented. In other words, the first line overhangs the other lines. You will also notice that there are a variety of ways in which material can be cited. Pay close attention to the location of periods and spacing. There are other sources that you could use for your paper, and the APA manual is filled with different ways in which material is cited (see chapter 4 of the 5th edition). If you have other questions about APA format, you could take a look at the manual. As of 2009, the 6th Edition has been published. In my opinion, the 6th edition is better organized than the 5th edition. Alternative, you might conduct a Google search using the key words APA format and see what you come up with. Although there are many nuances to APA format, following the examples in this paper should give you a very good start on how to write a psychology paper. 5) Final Comments K.M.S Throughout this paper, I have discussed the basics of APA style. However, formatting is only one part of proper writing skills. More importantly, students need to learn how to write. Learning how to write academic papers is not an easy task and takes years to master. The three most important words for good writing are edit, edit, edit. The goal of which is to be as clear and concise as possible. Often when composing something, it is difficult see our mistakes, and we often blur by them when reviewing. For this reason, it is useful to put your paper down for a day and then reread your work (alternatively, get a friend to proof your paper). Allow yourself enough time to write as rushed work is easily identifiable. As an example, it took about one day to put this sample paper together. If you consider that I am familiar with APA style and write fairly well, the process of putting your paper together is likely to take longer. Heed this advice and you should receive a good grade on your paper. Additions provided by A.E. Finally, if you feel that more needs to be added to this paper or there are mistakes, I would ask that you download the paper, make the changes, initial the changes with a textbox (see below), and then email the paper back to me ([emailprotected]). I will then repost the sample paper to the website.